Table 2

Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein biomarkers of senescence in Alzheimer's disease

Protein

Alteration(s) in AD

Association with senescence

p53

↑ in neurons, astrocytes [149,150]

Constitutively active p53 can induce senescence [151,152]

INK4A (p16)

↑ in neurons with NFT [153,154]

Activated in senescence [155,156]

Senescence associated-β-galactosidase^a

Not examined

Classic widely accepted biomarker of senescence [92]

Cylcins D, E

↑ in neurons [157]

↑ in endothelial cells and fibroblasts during senescence [158,159]

^aSenescence associated-β-galactosidase is β-galactosidase activity detected at pH 6.0. AD, Alzheimer's disease; NFT, neurofibrillary tangle.

Golde and Miller Alzheimers Res Ther 2009 1:5   doi:10.1186/alzrt5