Table 1 |
|
|
Signs of altered immune response in Alzheimer's disease patients and relevant references |
|
| Signs of altered immune response |
References |
|
|
|
| Presence of HLA-DR or LFA-1 (leucocyte function-associated antigen) positive reactive
microglia around senile plaques |
[1,2,35,37,40] |
| Increased hippocampal gene expression of MHC II in AD compared to high-pathology controls |
[95] |
| Elevated brain levels of IL-1β and S-100 |
[3] |
| Presence of activated elements of classical complement pathway (C1q, C3d, C4d) within
dystrophic neurites, NFTs and/or Aβ plaques |
[34,36,96] |
| Up-regulated mRNA levels of complement elements C1q and C9 in AD brain |
[97] |
| Strong IL-6 immunoreactivity around plaques and large cortical neurons |
[38] |
| Low levels of TNFa in brain areas with AD pathology |
[39] |
| Increased levels of TNFa in sera of severe stage AD patients |
[98] |
| Increased levels of intracellular neuronal IL10, IFNγ and IL12 in AD patients compared
to age-matched controls |
[99] |
| Correlations between Mini Mental State Examination scores and in vivo imaging marker [11C](R)PK11195-PET of activated microglia in AD patients |
[42] |
|
|
|
|
Aβ, amyloid beta; AD, Alzheimer's disease; IFN, interferon; NFT, neurofibrillary tangle. |
|
|
Zotova et al. Alzheimers Res Ther 2010 2:1 doi:10.1186/alzrt24 |
|