Table 1 |
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Signs of altered immune response in Alzheimer's disease patients and relevant references |
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Signs of altered immune response
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References
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| Presence of HLA-DR or LFA-1 (leucocyte function-associated antigen) positive reactive microglia around senile plaques |
[1,2,35,37,40]
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| Increased hippocampal gene expression of MHC II in AD compared to high-pathology controls |
[95]
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| Elevated brain levels of IL-1β and S-100 |
[3]
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| Presence of activated elements of classical complement pathway (C1q, C3d, C4d) within dystrophic neurites, NFTs and/or Aβ
plaques |
[34,36,96]
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| Up-regulated mRNA levels of complement elements C1q and C9 in AD brain |
[97]
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| Strong IL-6 immunoreactivity around plaques and large cortical neurons |
[38]
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| Low levels of TNFa in brain areas with AD pathology |
[39]
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| Increased levels of TNFa in sera of severe stage AD patients |
[98]
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| Increased levels of intracellular neuronal IL10, IFNγ and IL12 in AD patients compared to age-matched controls |
[99]
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| Correlations between Mini Mental State Examination scores and in vivo imaging marker [11C](R)PK11195-PET of activated microglia in AD patients |
[42]
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Aβ, amyloid beta; AD, Alzheimer's disease; IFN, interferon; NFT, neurofibrillary tangle. |
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Zotova et al. Alzheimers Res Ther 2010 2:1 doi:10.1186/alzrt24 |
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